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LiveTextAccess.

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Training for real-time
intralingual subtitlers.

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This is Unit 1.

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Understanding accessibility.

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Element 1.

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Basic concepts.

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This video lecture revolves around
types of disabilities

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and the concept of access services.

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My name is Rocío Bernabé,

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from the Internationale Hochschule
SDI München, in Germany.

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I have prepared this video lecture
in collaboration with

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the European Federation
of Hard-of-Hearing, in short EFHOH.

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On completion of this training sequence,
you will be able to classify disabilities

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by types of impairment and to explain
the function of access services.

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You will also learn the difference
between access services

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and two other terms
often used in this context.

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These two terms are:

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assistive technologies
and reasonable accommodations.

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Let’s take a look at the agenda.

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Firstly, we will discuss the characteristics
of the term impairment as defined by

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the World Health Organisation
and how this term is used

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in the definition of a type of disability.

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Then, we will discuss how access services
have emerged to provide access to content

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for persons who cannot access
this content in the original form.

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Lastly, the video lecture will end
with a summary.

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Types of disability.

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Article 1 of the Convention on the Rights
of Persons with Disabilities,

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in short CRPD,

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explains that disability emerges
when a person with a long-term impairment

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encounters barriers
that hinder him or her

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participating effectively
on an equal basis.

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The underlying idea is that disability
occurs in the interaction of a person

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with an impairment
and barriers of an environment.

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The example on the screen
illustrates this idea.

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A wheelchair user may not be able
to participate equally

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on a daily-basis activity,
such as travelling by train

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when the only access way is stairs.

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This example shows
how environments can create barriers,

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in this case physical barriers,

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that hinder participation on an equal basis.

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Disability is often linked
to a type of long-term impairment.

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In this sense, we often talk about
sensory, physical, cognitive,

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and speech disabilities.

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Indeed, we could say
that this is not entirely correct,

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because it is not the impairment itself
that causes the state of disability.

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In other words, the impairment is just
one part of the equation.

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The International Classification
of Functioning, Disability

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and Health Impairment

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defines "impairment"
as a significant deviation

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or loss in a body function
or body structure.

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According to this classification
provided by the World Health Organisation,

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such a loss or deviation can be
sensory, physical, cognitive

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or related to the speech.

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These are the terms that we often use
to label a type of disability.

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Let’s take a look at them.

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Sensory disabilities are related to
a loss or a full loss of a sense,

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be it sight, hearing, or both.

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When two senses are affected,
we talk about a dual sensory impairment.

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This is the case of the Deafblind.

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The causes of a sensory impairment
can be manifold.

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Some persons are born
with the impairment,

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while others experience
the loss later in life.

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This development has an impact
on the communication method

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that a person may prefer.

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For instance, persons born deaf
or with profound hearing loss

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often consider sign language
as their first language

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compared to persons
with a less severe hearing loss,

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who often prefer to communicate
in standard language.

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Speech disabilities are related to
the inability to produce a speaking voice;

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this is also known as mutism,

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or to the inability
to articulate words or sounds.

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In the same line,
physical disabilities are related

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to the inability to move body parts
or coordinate movement

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and also to paralysis.

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Lastly, cognitive disabilities
are related to impairments

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that affect mental processes,
such as perception, memory,

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thinking, or understanding.

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When media products
and audiovisual environments

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are not accessible, access services
provide persons with a disability

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with an alternative way
to access content.

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The term "access services"
or "accessibility service"

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is used in audiovisual media contexts

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to refer to services that convey content
in an alternative way.

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Real-time subtitles are an example.

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This access service provides
persons with hearing loss

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with subtitles as a written alternative

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to spoken speech or other information
that is conveyed aurally.

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For instance, music or sounds.

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Two terms which you often come across with
in the context of disability and accessibility

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are "assistive products"
and “reasonable accommodations".

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Assistive products or technologies are
any devices that help persons

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with a disability to perform
on an equal basis

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and independently in their daily lives.

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Two examples are hearing devices,
also called hearing aids,

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and hearing loops.

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You will learn more about these devices
in the video lectures of Element 2

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in this Unit.

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Reasonable accommodation is a term
that is mostly used in working

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and educational contexts.

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Reasonable accommodations are
adjustments or modifications

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that enable persons with a disability
to participate on an equal basis.

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For instance,

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the provision of an access service
in court is a reasonable accommation.

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This access service can be,
for example, real-time subtitles

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or sign language interpreting.

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The availability and interplay
of assistive products,

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access services and accommodations

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enable inclusion through accessibility.

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These terms, or these serveces
are not interchangeable;

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they are complementary.

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Why?

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Well, because each
of these solutions helps

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in a different way
and in different situations.

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Let’s take a look at some examples.

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Persons with hearing loss always make
an extra effort to listen and understand,

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and use several communication strategies
to clarify and doublecheck

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that they are receiving the right message.

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These strategies can be
using a hearing aid,

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lip-reading or reading subtitles.

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Therefore, accessibility
can only be possible

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when all these input possibilities
are available.

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The reason is actually
that all these possibilities

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also have their limitations.

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For instance, hearing aids work
outside the normal hearing range

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of 2 to 20dB and are noisy.

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Lip-reading is only possible
if the image quality is good,

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and only if one person
is speaking at a time.

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Similarly, subtitles are fine, but only
if they are correct and accurate.

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An example of assistive products,

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access services
and reasonable accommodations

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for persons with sight loss
would be this one.

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A university professor with sight loss
uses a screen reader,

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which is an assistive product,

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on his or her computer
to create lectures.

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To work, in general.

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When this professor must speak
at a conference,

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he or she may request the university
to provide a sighted guide

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who would help assist him or her
with travel and navigating

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the conference center.

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This would be
a reasonable accommodation.

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Lastly, at home, this professor
may use the access service

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called audio description
to watch a movie.

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Lastly, an example that includes
a person with cognitive loss.

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Maybe this person does not even use
any assistive products

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because she or he does not have
a sensory impairment.

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The same person, however,
may use the access service

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easy-to-read subtitles
to watch a documentary film,

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or the news.

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Similarly, a person with a cognitive loss
can request their company

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to provide a document
in easy-to-read language

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when this person needs to read
and understand the content

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of this document
to fulfil his or her duties.

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Let’s recap.

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Today we have discussed
that disabilities are often classified

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or labeled according
to the type of impairment.

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We have also seen
that the concept of "impairment"

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in these contexts is understood

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as a significant deviation
or loss as defined

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by the World Health Organisation.

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We have also seen
that in the context of disability,

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this impairment must be
a long-term impairment.

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We have also seen that environments
that have not been designed

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for all persons create barriers
and hinder access.

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In audiovisual contexts,
access services have emerged

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to provide these persons
with an alternative way

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to access these information.

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The type of access service depends
on the type of disability.

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I encourage you to take a look
at the PowerPoint presentation

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to this video lecture.

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There, you can find links
to some other examples

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of assistive technologies
and access services.

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As for now, I say good-bye
and many thanks.

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Exercises.

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The exercises for this video lecture are
in the Trainer’s Guide

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and in the PowerPoint file.

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LTA - LiveTextAccess.

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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

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SDI - Internationale Hochschule.

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Scuola Superiore
per Mediatori Linguistici.

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ZDFDigital.

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The European Federation
of Hard of Hearing People - EFHOH.

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VELOTYPE.

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SUB-TI ACCESS.

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European Certification
and Qualification Association - ECQA.

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Co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme
of the European Union.

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Erasmus+ Project:
2018-1-DE01-KA203-004218.

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The information and views set
on this presentation

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are those of the authors

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and do not necessarily reflect
the official opinion

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of the European Union.

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Neither the European Union
institutions and bodies

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nor any person acting on their behalf
may be held responsible

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for the use which may be made
of the information contained here.